- Colossal electroresistance effect (CER):
When voltage is applied, a large resistance change in one digit or more appears, having an effect that its resistance state can be memorized. A bipolar type has a phenomenon where a resistance state changes when reversible voltage is applied, and a non-polar type or unipolar type has a phenomenon where a resistance state changes when the same polarity voltage is applied.
- ReRAM (Resistance Random Access Memory):
A kind of nonvolatile semiconductor memory making use of the CER phenomenon